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首楞嚴三昧經 Shou leng yan Sanmei Jīng (Śūraṃgama samādhi sūtra)

首楞嚴三昧經 Shou leng yan Sanmei Jīng (Śūraṃgama samādhi sūtra)

Shǒu léng yán Sānmèi Jīng [Shou-leng-yen San-mei Ching]
Engelse titel: The Concentration of Heroic Progress

auteur / toegeschreven aan: Kumārajīva

The Suramgamasamadhisutra is the scripture that contains teachings concerning the samadhi that bestows an 'heroic progress', suramgama, on the path to Enlightenment. Samadhi is traditionally understood to denote the altered mental states attainable through meditation techniques, in particular the mental state in which discursive thought is allayed and the mind is calm, concentrated and capable of sustained awareness of a single object, hence 'concentration'. As an integral part of this technology of altered consciousness, samadhi is also understood to bestow power upon the practitioner - not just the power of spiritual insight, but also of magical feat and transformation - and it is this theme which most incited the* imagination of Mahayana Buddhists to produce an array of 'Mahayana samadhis', each accredited with special magical powers of spiritual advancement. As Lamotte explains in his Introduction, he understands the Sgs to be concerned with just such a specific meditative state that is or gives 'heroic progress'.(Lemotte)

The Suramgamasamadhisutra is neither more nor less interesting than the other texts of the Great Vehicle, but it was one of the first Mahayana sutras to be translated into Chinese and, in the periods of the Han, Wei, Wu, Chin, Liang and Ch'in, it enjoyed considerable success. In less than four centuries it was translated some ten times and certain of these translations were subjected to a combined edition; the Sutra was commented upon several times and it inspired the first Buddhist philosophical school to be established in China: the Hsin-wu-i, 'Theory of the non-existence of the mind'. (lemotte)

Suramgamasamadhisutra (abbreviation Sgs) means 'Text of the Concentration of Heroic Progress' in Sanskrit. Samddhi means concentration, a state of mind fixed on one point (cittaikagrata). The concentration concerned here is the Suramgama, Heroic Progress. It is not so much a question of a special concentration as of an aspect of concentration as conceived by the Buddhism of the Great Vehicle. It is called Heroic Progress because whoever possesses it goes everywhere in the manner of a hero (siira) without meeting any resistance, or because it is frequented (gata) by those heroes the Buddhas and bodhisattvas.

The work is undoubtedly of Indian origin, but we possess only a few fragments of the Sanskrit original: two quotations in Santideva's Siksasamuccaya and one folio of a manuscript discovered in Eastern Turkestan . The complete work is known at present through two translations: a Chinese translation made by Kumarajiva, probably between 402 and 409 C.E. and a Tibetan translation dating from the
beginning of the ninth century C.E. ascribed to the collaboration of the Indian pandit Sakyaprabha and the Tibetan exegete Ratnaraksita .

Prior to Kumarajiva, the Suramgamasamadhisutra had already been translated into Chinese by Serindians or Chinese: Chih Ch'an (in 186 C.E.), one or several scholars from Ssu-chuan (between 220 and 265), Chih Ch'ien (between 222 and 229), Po Yen (in 258), Dharmaraksa (in 291), Chu Shu-Ian (in 291), Chang T'ien-hsi, Chih Shih-lun and Po Yen (in 373). These translations were already lost by the sixth century and we only know of them through their titles . (lemotte)

The full title of the Sütra was Éüramgamasamadhi, transliterated in
Chinese by Shou-lêng-yen san-mei 首楞嚴三昧,translated into Chinese as 勇伏定 Yǒng fú dìng [Yung Ju-ting] - Concentration of Heroic Victory

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Lamotte, Étienne (1998). Suramgamasamadhisutra: The Concentration of Heroic Progress - An Early Mahayana Buddhist Scripture. Curzon Press. *
English Translation by Sara Boin-Webb, vertaling van franse editie: La Concentration de la marche heroique (Suramgamasamadhisutra) traduit et annote, Melanges chinois et bouddhiques, Vol.XIII, Bruxelles 1965
ISBN10: 8120819314
Ook online.

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